编程代考 The theoretical IPv6 address pool size is 340 trillion trillion trillion ad – cscodehelp代写

The theoretical IPv6 address pool size is 340 trillion trillion trillion addresses
https://www.arin.net/knowledge/ipv6_info_center.html
Addressing 1
https://www.apnic.net/community/ipv6/

Copyright By cscodehelp代写 加微信 cscodehelp

3.4×1038 (340 undecillion) addresses

Initial motivation: 32-bit address space completely allocated by 2008.
Additional motivation:
header format helps speed processing/forwarding
 header changes to facilitate QoS
 Unicast + multicast + new anycast address: route to
best of several replicated servers
IPv6 datagram format: fixed-length 40 byte header no fragmentation allowed
Video: https://www.arin.net/knowledge/deploying_ipv6/
Network Layer – part 3 2

IPv6 Header (Cont)
Priority: identify priority among datagrams in flow Flow Label: identify datagrams in same flow.
(concept of flow not well defined). Next header: identify upper layer protocol for data
Fixed, 40 bytes
Network Layer – part 3 3

Other Changes from IPv4
Checksum: removed entirely to reduce processing time at each hop
Options: allowed, but outside of header, indicated by Next Header field
ICMPv6: new version of ICMP
additional message types, e.g. ”Packet Too Big”  multicast group management functions
Network Layer – part 3 4

Transition From IPv4 To IPv6
Not all routers can be upgraded simultaneously
no flag days
 How will the network operate with mixed IPv4 and
IPv6 routers?
Two proposed approaches (can be used together or individually):
 Dual Stack: some routers with dual stack (v6, v4) can translate between formats
 Tunneling: IPv6 carried as payload in IPv4 datagram among IPv4 routers
Network Layer – part 3 5

Dual Stack Approach
Network Layer – part 3 6

IPv6 inside IPv4 where needed
Network Layer – part 3 7

OPTIONAL READING
From here onwards are slides for extra reading only
Network Layer – part 3 8

Anatomy of an IPv6 Address
Addressing 9

Anatomy of an IPv6 Address
Addressing 10

Anatomy of an IPv6 Address
Addressing 11

Anatomy of an IPv6 Address
Addressing 12

Anatomy of an IPv6 Address
Addressing 13

Anatomy of an IPv6 Address
Addressing 14

IPv4 ADDRESS RUN OUT
 The global top-level registration body, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), exhausted its supply of available IPv4 addresses in February 2011.
 APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) is the Regional Internet Registry which allocates IP addresses in the Asia-Pacific region.
 Telstra had run out of IPv4 addresses (report: Mar 23 2015), and was provisioning mobile services using carrier grade network address translation (CGNAT).
 CGNAT is widely used to delay investment in IPv6 networks as it allows carriers to serve hundreds of devices behind IPv4 gateways, rather than assigning them an address from the virtually infinite pool of addresses available with the newer protocol.
http://www.telstra.com.au/business-enterprise/download/document/business-ipv4-to-ipv6-transition-white-paper.pdf
http://www.itnews.com.au/news/telstra-runs-out-of-ipv4-addresses-401918
Network Layer – part 3 15

IPv4 ADDRESS RUN OUT
 CGNAT effectively anonymises customers behind the gateways, making it hard, if not impossible, to accurately determine the identity of persons of interests to law enforcement.
 CGNAT was widely used for mobile phone internet connections but less so for fixed line broadband services
http://www.telstra.com.au/business-enterprise/download/document/business-ipv4-to-ipv6-transition-white-paper.pdf
http://www.itnews.com.au/news/telstra-runs-out-of-ipv4-addresses-401918
Network Layer – part 3 16

Asia-Pacific ISP
There will be no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses for Asia-Pacific ISPs
Telstra’s approach is based on the dual- stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist
Telstra and any other ISP in the Asia-Pacific region are now only eligible for a total allocation of 1024 further addresses from APNIC.
Network Layer – part 3 17

Generally, network equipment vendors
already provide IPv6 dual-stack support
IPv6 capability has existed in most network routing equipment for some time, it has often not been enabled for use. Network control path functions like DNS, DHCP and RADIUS, however, are not yet uniformly supported for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack across all vendors. These remain among the ‘work in progress’ issues for the industry.
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
Network Layer – part 3 18

Second-hand IPv4 addresses
Contrary to what most people think, the IPv4 internet still hasn’t run out of addresses; they’re just not being used.
According to chief scientist of the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), , around 22% of the currently allocated IPv4 space is not advertised – meaning it’s not actively used on the internet
A lot of that unadvertised space is currently administered by ARIN, and it reflects space in the old Class A and Class B networks that pre- date the regional internet registry system
Read more: http://www.itnews.com.au/news/second-hand-ipv4-addresses-reaping-big-bucks-409076#ixzz3nruB9TDn
Addressing 19

Second-hand IPv4 addresses
Geolocation/Geoblocking may pose as a problem for transferred IPv4 addresses
This bites end-users wanting to buy goods and services on the internet, but are prevented from doing so as the IP address of their computers is assumed to be in a certain part of the world.
Getting the geolocation data for an address block sorted out can take 2 to 3 months, and so newly bought IPv4 space should not be put to production use until that has been done.
Read more: http://www.itnews.com.au/news/second-hand-ipv4-addresses-reaping-big-bucks-409076#ixzz3nruB9TDn
Addressing 20

Second-hand IPv4 addresses
Making sure the newly bought address block is advertised on the internet immediately is crucial, so as to prevent it from being hijacked and used by other networks.
Un-hijacking address space can be a long winded process, and if the network block is used for spamming or nefarious activities, it could end up in blocking lists.
Many trades are done as small address blocks, which have to be advertised separately – filling up the global routing table and making it more complex.
Trading in IPv4 addresses could degrade the internet. Read more: http://www.itnews.com.au/news/second-hand-ipv4-addresses-reaping-big-bucks-409076#ixzz3nruB9TDn
Addressing 21

Latest news on IPv6 migration
Belgium has reached over 35% IPv6 adoption, followed by the US at 21%, and several other European countries are not far behind, Google’s traffic statistics show.
Migration to IPv6 has some way to go, and estimates indicate that there will be substantial demand for IPv4 addresses in the next five to ten years – which will result in price rises.
Currently, larger address blocks such as a /16 with 65,536 addresses costs US$10 per IP
while smaller /20 blocks with 4096 addresses go for US$15.50 per IP. Addressing 22

End of Session
Addressing 23

程序代写 CS代考 加微信: cscodehelp QQ: 2235208643 Email: kyit630461@163.com