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Sudoku Puzzle
Assignment 1 Semester 2, 2022 CSSE1001/CSSE7030
Due date: 24 August 2022, 20:00 GMT+10
1 Introduction

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In this assignment, you will implement a text-based version of the classic Sudoku puzzle. The Sudoku puzzle is set on a 9 × 9 board which is split into nine 3 × 3 squares. To achieve the goal of the puzzle, a player must use a process of elimination to fill in the remaining empty cells on the board, using only the digits 1 – 9, so that each row, column and 3 × 3 square only contain one of each digit. If you would like to get a better understanding of the game, you can read a more detailed explanation here, or practice playing the game here.
2 Getting Started
Download a1.zip from Blackboard — this archive contains the necessary files to start this as- signment. Once extracted, the a1.zip archive will provide the following files:
a1.py This is the only file you will submit and is where you write your code. Do not make changes to any other files.
a1 support.py Do not modify or submit this file, it contains a function to help you implement your tasks. You do not need to read or understand the code itself, but you should read the docstrings in order to get an idea of how the functions work. This file also contains some constants that will be useful in your implementation. In addition to these, you are encouraged to create your own constants in a1.py where possible.
boards/ This folder contains a number of board files containing starting states for Sudoku games. The games can be loaded from these files into your program with the help of a function from a1 support.py. Feel free to try adding your own board files for further testing.
NOTE: You are not permitted to add any import statements to a1.py. Doing so will result in a deduction of up to 100% of your mark.
3 Terminology
In the context of this assignment:
• ASudoku isapuzzleplayedona9x9board.
• The board is comprised of 81 evenly divided cells, with 9 rows and 9 columns.

A cell is a single element of the board that is either blank or contains a single digit from 1 to 9.
A square is a 3 x 3 sub-board comprising 9 cells. The first square is in the top left of the board and there are 9 non-overlapping squares in total.
A solution is a board in which every cell contains a single digit and each row, column and square contain each digit from 1 to 9 with no duplicates.
The players goal is to solve the puzzle by placing a digit at a blank cell so that the boards solution is achieved.
This section provides an overview of gameplay. Where prompts and outputs are not explicitly mentioned in this section, please see Section 5.
At the beginning of the game, the player is prompted with the message “Please insert the name of a board file: ” (note the trailing space) to choose a board by providing the name of the file that contains the board. Once the filename has been provided, the board is loaded and displayed.
4.2 Solving the Puzzle
After the board is loaded and displayed, the player is prompted to enter an action with “Please input your move: ” (note the trailing space). After each action is applied, the updated board should be displayed and the player should be prompted again. The valid actions are outlined in Table 1. An action should work the same for both lowercase and uppercase inputs.
Throughout the game, the player may overwrite cells they have previously filled; however, they are not allowed to overwrite cells filled in the original board. If the player attempts to overwrite a cell that was filled in the original board, the message “That move is invalid. Try again!” should be printed, and the player should be reprompted for another move. Asides from this one case, you may assume that your program will not be tested for invalid inputs that do not match the expected actions in Table 1, or for inputs that are otherwise invalid (e.g. out of bounds positions). The prompt should repeat until the player either wins the game or gives up by entering the “Q” or “q” action. In the case the player fills the entire board and has not won the game, the prompt should still continue until they win or give up with the relevant action.
4.3 End of Game
At the end of a game, the player is prompted to choose if they want to start a new game or stop the program with “Would you like to start a new game (y/n)? “. The options available at this prompt are outlined in Table 2. If they choose to start a new game, they need to select a new board. The player should be prompted with the same message to enter a board file as they were at the start of the game. Once a new board is loaded it should be displayed, and gameplay should return to that described in Section 4.2. If they choose to stop the program, the program should terminate gracefully.

“H” or “h” “Q” or “q”
Description
Display a help message.
Stop playing the current game.
“{row} {column} {value}”
Insert the value at the specified position. The players input contains three digits: row rang- ing from 0 to 8, column ranging from 0 to 8, and value ranging from 1 to 9.
“{row} {column} C”
Clear the cell at the specified position. The players input contains two digits: row rang- ing from 0 to 8 and column ranging from 0 to 8. This is followed by the uppercase letter C.
Table 1: Potential actions that player can choose. {quantity} denotes that the value of quantity should be provided. Values not surrounded by braces should be taken as string literals.
“Y” or “y” or “” Anything else
Description
Start a new game. Close the program.
Table 2: Input options for new game prompt
5 Implementation
This section outlines functions available to you in the support code, as well as functions you are required to implement in your solution (in a1.py only). You are awarded marks for the num- ber of tests passed by your functions when they are tested independently. Thus an incomplete assignment with some working functions may well be awarded more marks than a complete assign- ment with faulty functions. Your program must operate exactly as specified. In particular, your program’s output must match exactly with the expected output. Your program will be marked automatically so minor differences in output (such as whitespace or casing) will cause tests to fail resulting in a zero mark for that test.
Each function is accompanied with some examples for usage to help you start your own testing. You should also test your functions with other values to ensure they operate according to the descriptions.
In the example usage for functions you are required to write, the board variables below are assumed to be defined. You must execute these lines before testing your functions according to the examples. All example code will use these variables; any changes from a previous example are not carried over. You may adjust these or make your own for further testing if you wish.
board_one = “68513294773459821621976485392687153485134967247325618956842739134291576819768342 ” board_two = “68513 477 1 176459 75481 97243 6 42739 49 6817 4 ”
board_three = [
[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 7],
[7, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 2, 1, 6],
[2, 1, 9, 7, 6, 4, 8, 5, 3],
[9, 2, 6, 8, 7, 1, 5, 3, 4],
[8, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, 6, 7, 2],
[4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9],
[5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1],
[3, 4, 2, 9, 1, 5, 7, 6, 8],
[1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, None]

board_four = [
[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, None, None, 4, 7],
[7, None, None, None, None, None, None, 1, None],
[None, 1, None, 7, 6, 4, None, 5, None],
[9, None, None, None, 7, None, 5, None, 4],
[8, None, 1, None, None, 9, None, 7, 2],
[4, None, 3, None, None, 6, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, None],
[None, 4, None, 9, None, None, None, 6, 8],
[1, None, 7, None, None, None, 4, None, None]
Support Code
You may use the code provided in a1 support.py to implement your assignment. Do not make changes to a1 support.py as it could cause unexpected errors. In this file you will find some predefined named constants and a function. You should use the provided named constants in your implementation of the game. You are also provided with one function, which can be used to load a new board from a file. You must not modify this function.
5.1.1 load board(filename: str) -> str
Returns a string which is a raw copy of the board, ordered left to right, top to bottom. The
required parameter is the name of the file from which the game is loaded.
5.2 Required Functions
The following functions must be implemented in a1.py. They have been listed in order of increas- ing difficulty. It is highly recommended that you do not begin work on a later function until each of the preceding functions can at least behave as per the shown examples. You may implement addi- tional functions if you think they will help with your logic or make your code easier to understand.
The board variable in all these functions is of the type list[list[Optional[int]]]. This can be described as ‘a list of lists containing either integers or None’. We will refer to this type as Board, i.e. Board = list[list[Optional[int]]].
5.2.1 num hours() -> float
This function should return the number of hours you estimate you spent (or have spent so far) on the assignment, as a float. You will not be marked differently for spending more or less time on the assignment. The purpose of this function is to enable you to verify that you understand how to submit to Gradescope as soon as possible, and to allow us to gauge difficulty level of this assignment in order to provide the best possible assistance.
Ensure this function passes the relevant test on Gradescope as soon as possible. If the Gradescope tests have been released, you must ensure this function passes the relevant test before seeking help regarding Gradescope issues for any of the later functions. See Section 7.3 for instructions on how to submit your assignment to Gradescope.

5.2.2 is empty(position: tuple[int, int], board: Board) -> bool
Returns True if the given (row, column) position contains None (i.e. it is not yet filled with a num-
ber) and False otherwise. You may assume that the given position is a valid position on the board. Example:
>>> is_empty((3, 5), board_three)
>>> is_empty((8, 8), board_three)
5.2.3 update board(position: tuple[int, int], value: Optional[int], board: Board) -> None
Updates the board at the provided (row, column) position with the provided value. Please note that the function returns None, so you should be altering the board given as a parameter in this function. You may assume that the given position exists on the board. A precondition to this function is that the given position must not correspond to a filled cell in the original board.
>>> update_board((8, 8), 5, board_three)
>>> board_three
[[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 7], [7, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 2, 1, 6],
[2, 1, 9, 7, 6, 4, 8, 5, 3], [9, 2, 6, 8, 7, 1, 5, 3, 4],
[8, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, 6, 7, 2], [4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9],
[5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1], [3, 4, 2, 9, 1, 5, 7, 6, 8],
[1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, 5]]
5.2.4 clear position(position: tuple[int, int], board: Board) -> None
Updates the board to clear the cell at the provided (row, column) position. A precondition to this function is that the given position must not correspond to a filled cell in the original board. You may assume that the given position exists on the board.
>>> update_board((8, 8), 5, board_three)
>>> board_three
[[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 7], [7, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 2, 1, 6],
[2, 1, 9, 7, 6, 4, 8, 5, 3], [9, 2, 6, 8, 7, 1, 5, 3, 4],
[8, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, 6, 7, 2], [4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9],
[5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1], [3, 4, 2, 9, 1, 5, 7, 6, 8],
[1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, 5]]
>>> clear_position((8,8), board_three)
>>> board_three
[[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 7], [7, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 2, 1, 6],
[2, 1, 9, 7, 6, 4, 8, 5, 3], [9, 2, 6, 8, 7, 1, 5, 3, 4],
[8, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, 6, 7, 2], [4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9],
[5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1], [3, 4, 2, 9, 1, 5, 7, 6, 8],
[1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, None]]

5.2.5 read board(raw board: str) -> Board
Converts the raw board from a string of characters into a list of 9 lists. Each inner list represents one row of the board (ordered from top to bottom) and contains 9 items which can each either be an integer (if one exists in that location) or None if no number has been placed in that location (represented by a space, ” “, in the raw board). The format of the raw board is one string, containing integers and/or spaces representing the board from left to right, top to bottom. You can assume that the string will only ever contain integers and/or space characters.
>>> read_board(board_one)
[[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 7], [7, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 2, 1, 6],
[2, 1, 9, 7, 6, 4, 8, 5, 3], [9, 2, 6, 8, 7, 1, 5, 3, 4],
[8, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, 6, 7, 2], [4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9],
[5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1], [3, 4, 2, 9, 1, 5, 7, 6, 8],
[1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, None]]
>>> read_board(board_two)
[[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, None, None, 4, 7],
[7, None, None, None, None, None, None, 1, None],
[None, 1, None, 7, 6, 4, None, 5, None],
[9, None, None, None, 7, None, 5, None, 4],
[8, None, 1, None, None, 9, None, 7, 2],
[4, None, 3, None, None, 6, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, None],
[None, 4, None, 9, None, None, None, 6, 8],
[1, None, 7, None, None, None, 4, None, None]]
5.2.6 print board(board: Board) -> None
Displays the puzzle in a user-friendly format. Your output must exactly match the expected for- matting (including whitespace and grammar) in order to receive marks. Ensure when testing with the below examples that your output exactly matches the output shown. Horizontal separator lines are composed of 11 hyphens. There is a single space between each row of the board and the corresponding row number, and there is a blank line between the board and the column numbers.
>>> print_board(board_three)
685|132|947 0
734|598|216 1
219|764|853 2
———–
926|871|534 3
851|349|672 4
473|256|189 5
———–
568|427|391 6
342|915|768 7
197|683|42 8
012 345 678

>>> print_board(board_four) 685|13 | 47 0
1|764|5 2 ———–
9 |7|543 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|39 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
5.2.7 has won(board: Board) -> bool
Returns True if the game is won, False otherwise. The game is won if the goal has been achieved; that is, every cell is filled and all rows, columns and squares on the board contain exactly one of each digit from 1 to 9.
>>> has_won(board_three)
>>> update_board((8, 8), 5, board_three)
>>> board_three
[[6, 8, 5, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 7], [7, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 2, 1, 6],
[2, 1, 9, 7, 6, 4, 8, 5, 3], [9, 2, 6, 8, 7, 1, 5, 3, 4],
[8, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, 6, 7, 2], [4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9],
[5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1], [3, 4, 2, 9, 1, 5, 7, 6, 8],
[1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, 5]]
>>> has_won(board_three)
5.2.8 main() -> None
The main function should be called when the file is run, and coordinates the overall gameplay. The main function should be fairly short, and should utilize other functions you have written. In order to make the main function shorter, you should consider writing extra helper functions. In the provided a1.py, the function definition for main has already been provided, and the if name == main : block will ensure that the code in the main function is run when your a1.py file is run. Do not call your main function outside of this block, and do not call any other function outside this block unless you are calling them from within the body of another function. The output from your main function (including prompts) must exactly match the expected output. Running the sample tests will give you a good idea of whether your prompts and other outputs are correct. See Section 6 for example usage.
Section 4 describes how the game should be played. The basic steps that must be implemented by this function are as follows:
1. Prompt user for board filename.

Load board and convert to readable format. It is recommended you do this twice so that you also have a copy of the original board stored. This way you can refer back to it later when checking if you can update a cell without changing the original board.
Until the game has been won:
(a) Print the current board state in the required user-friendly format.
(b) Prompt player for an action (see Section 4 for potential actions).
(c) If the player requested help, print out the message ”Need help?
H = Help
Q = Quit
Hint: Make sure each row, column, and square contains only one of each number from 1 to 9.”
(d) If the player requested to quit the game, then terminate the program gracefully.
(e) If the player provided a position and a value (or “C” if the player wants to clear a position), first check to make sure that player is not changing a filled cell from the original board. If they are, print out the message “That move is invalid. Try again!” otherwise update the board accordingly.
Print the current board state in the required user-friendly format. Notify the player that the game has been won via the required message.
Prompt the user for whether they’d like to play again. If yes, go to step 1. If no, terminate the program gracefully.
Example Gameplay
The following section provides extended instances of gameplay to demonstrate completed program behaviour.
Please insert the name of a board file: boards/board_one.txt 685|13 | 47 0
1 |764| 5 2 ———–
9 |7|543 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|39 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 0 5 2 685|132| 47 0
1 |764| 5 2 ———–
9 |7|543 81| 9|724

43|6| 5 ———–
|427|39 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 0 6 9 685|132|947 0
1|764|5 2 ———–
9 |7|543 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|39 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 3 7 3 685|132|947 0
1|764|5 2 ———–
9 |7|5343 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|39 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 6 8 1 685|132|947 0
1|764|5 2 ———–
9 |7|5343 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|391 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 0 1 4
That move is invalid. Try again!

685|132|947 0 7||11 1|764|5 2
———–
9 |7|5343 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|391 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 1 0 C That move is invalid. Try again! 685|132|947 0
1|764|5 2 ———–
9 |7|5343 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|391 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: H
Need help?
Hint: Make sure each row, column, and square contains only one of each number
from 1 to 9.
685|132|947 0 7||11 1|764|5 2
———–
9 |7|5343 81| 9|724 43|6| 5 ———–
|427|391 6 4|9 |687 17| |4 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: Q

Please insert the name of a board file: boards/board_one_winnable.txt
685|132|947 0
734|598|216 1
219|764|853 2
———–
926|871|534 3
851|349|672 4
473|256|189 5
———–
568|427|391 6
342|915|768 7
197|683|42 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 8 8 4
685|132|947 0
734|598|216 1
219|764|853 2
———–
926|871|534 3
851|349|672 4
473|256|189 5
———–
568|427|391 6
342|915|768 7
197|683|424 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 8 8 C
685|132|947 0
734|598|216 1
219|764|853 2
———–
926|871|534 3
851|349|672 4
473|256|189 5
———–
568|427|391 6
342|915|768 7
197|683|42 8
012 345 678
Please input your move: 8 8 5
685|132|947 0
734|598|216 1
219|764|853 2
———–
926|871|534 3
851|349|672 4
473|256|189 5
———–

568|427|391 6
342|915|768 7
197|683|425 8
012 345 678
Congratulations, you won!
Would you like to st

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