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PowerPoint Presentation
Analogical Reasoning
Learning by Recording Cases
Case-Based Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning
Explanation-Based Learning
Analogical Reasoning
Lesson Preview
Similarity and case-based reasoning
Process of analogical reasoning
Design by analogy
Which of the situations on the right is most similar to the situation above?
Rank them from 1 (most similar) to 7 (least similar)
A woman is climbing a ladder.
A woman climbing a set of stairs.
An ant walking up the wall.
A woman painting a ladder.
A woman climbing the corporate ladder.
A water bottle sitting on a desk.
A woman climbing a step ladder.
A plane taking off into the sky.
5
3
6
4
1
2
7
Blue
Black
Red
Orange
Purple
Green
?
Width Width
Height
Route DestinationX DestinationY
A 10E 8N
B 1E 8N
C 10E 4N
D 2E 1N
X 8E 2N
Y 8E 2N
Z 1E 9N
Is the origin
North of 5N?
East of 5E?
East of 5E?
B
C
D
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
East of 3E?
Yes
No
Y
East of 2E?
X
A
Yes
No
Target
Source
Target
Source
More similar
Less similar
Relations? Objects? Features? Values?
Similar Similar Similar Similar
Similar Similar Similar Dissimilar
Similar Similar Dissimilar Dissimilar
Similar Dissimilar Dissimilar Dissimilar
e.g. Recording Cases
e.g. Configuration
e.g. Case-Based Reasoning
e.g. Analogical Reasoning
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Adaptation
Evaluation
Storage
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Route DestinationX DestinationY
A 10E 8N
B 1E 8N
C 10E 4N
D 2E 1N
X 8E 2N
Y 8E 2N
Z 1E 9N
Is the origin
North of 5N?
East of 5E?
East of 5E?
B
C
D
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
East of 3E?
Yes
No
Y
East of 2E?
X
A
Yes
No
Blue
Black
Red
Orange
Purple
Green
?
Width Width
Height
Deep Similarity
Relationships between objects
Relationships between relationships
Superficial Similarity
Features
Counts
Objects
A
B
A
B
Types of Similarity
Semantic
Conceptual similarity between the target problem and the source case.
Pragmatic
Similarity of external factors, such as goals.
Structural
Similarity between representational structures.
Mark whether each situation has deep similarity, superficial similarity, both, or neither with the situation above.
A woman is climbing a ladder.
Deep Superficial
ο ο A woman climbing a set of stairs.
ο ο An ant walking up the wall.
ο ο A woman painting a ladder.
ο ο A woman climbing the corporate ladder.
ο ο A water bottle sitting on a desk.
ο ο A woman climbing a step ladder.
ο ο A plane taking off into the sky.
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Sun’s Mass
Planet’s Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Solar System
Atomic Structure
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Sun’s Mass
Planet’s Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Solar System
Atomic Structure
What are the deep similarities between these two models?
ο Something revolves around something else.
ο Two things each have mass.
ο Mass & force are present.
ο A force exists between two objects.
ο The objects’ masses differ.
ο Two objects attract each other.
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Target
Source
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Sun’s Mass
Planet’s Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Solar System
Atomic Structure
How would you map the solar system to the atomic structure?
ο Sun → Nucleus
ο Electron → Nucleus
ο Nucleus → Sun
ο Sun → Planet
ο Planet → Electron
ο Planet → Sun
ο Planet → Nucleus
ο Electron → Planet
ο Sun → Electron
ο Nucleus → Planet
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Target
Source
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Sun’s Mass
Planet’s Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Solar System
Atomic Structure
What would be transferred into the atomic structure model?
ο Nucleus has mass
ο Nucleus is a sun
ο Nucleus attracts electron
ο Electron’s mass greater than nucleus’s mass
ο Electron revolves around nucleus
ο Electron has mass
ο Electrons are planets
ο Nucleus’s mass greater than electron’s mass
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Sun’s Mass
Planet’s Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Nucleus
Mass
has
Electron
Mass
has
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Nucleus’s Mass
Electron’s Mass
greater than
Solar System
Atomic Structure
ο Nucleus has mass
ο Nucleus is a sun
ο Nucleus attracts electron
ο Electron’s mass greater than nucleus’s mass
ο Electron revolves around nucleus
ο Electron has mass
ο Electrons are planets
ο Nucleus’s mass greater than electron’s mass
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Retrieval
Adaptation
Evaluation
Storage
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Target
Source
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Sun’s Mass
Planet’s Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Nucleus
Mass
has
Electron
Mass
has
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Nucleus’s Mass
Electron’s Mass
greater than
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Solar System
Atomic Structure
Image credit:
“Common basilisk in Costa Rica” by The Rambling Man – Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_basilisk_in_Costa_Rica.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Common_basilisk_in_Costa_Rica.jpg
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Behavior Model
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Structure Model
Function Model
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Structure Model
Behavior Model
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
Function Model
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Advanced questions in analogical reasoning
Common vocabulary
Abstraction and transformation
Compound and compositional analogies
Visuospatial analogies
Conceptual combination
Assignment
How would you use analogical reasoning to design an agent that could answer Raven’s progressive matrices?
To recap…
Similarity
Analogical retrieval
Analogical mapping
Analogical transfer
Evaluation and storage
Design by analogy
Copepod
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