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INFO20003 Database Systems
Dr Renata Borovica-Gajic
Lecture 02
Database Development Process

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INFO20003 Database Systems

• How database applications are developed
– The development lifecycle – Focus on database design
• Conceptual design • Logical design
• Physical design
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning
Systems Definition
• Planning how to do the project.
• How does the enterprise work • Enterprise data
• Outside scope of the course
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example Enterprise Data Model – Investment Banking
• A top level perspective on the data requirements
• Each box (subject area) would have a data model
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning
Systems Definition
• Specifying scope and boundaries
• Application areas
• How does the system
interfere with other organisational systems
• Outside scope of the course (slightly)
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Database Planning Systems Definition
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
• Collection and analysis of requirements for the new system
• You will be given the requirements, but you will need to understand these!
• You may need to ask requirement questions about what you are given (for the assignment you state your assumptions)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
• Construction of a model of the data used in the database – independent of all physical considerations
• Data Models
• ER Diagrams
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Analysis of the problem
Business rule
• An investment bank has a number of branches. Within each branch a number of departments operate and are structured in a hierarchical manner. The bank employs around 3000 staff who are assigned to work in the various departments across the branches.
• We need a database to record staff details including which department and branch they are assigned…
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example Conceptual Data Model (ER) – Investment Banking
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
• Construction of a (relational) model of the data based on the conceptual design
• Independent of a specific database and other physical considerations
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example Logical Data Model – Investment Banking
Changes from Conceptual Model (ER)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example Logical Data Model – Investment Banking (Complete)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Database Planning Systems Definition
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
• A description of the implementation of the logical design – for a specific DBMS.
• Describes:
• Basic relations
(data types)
• File organisation • Indexes
• Although we don’t do full physical design, we discuss some of the issues (e.g. data types)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example Physical Model – Investment Banking (Staff)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Choosing Data Types
• Types help the DBMS store and use information efficiently
– Can make assumptions in computation – Consistency is guaranteed
• Minimise storage space
• Need to consider
– Can you store all possible values
– Can the type you choose support the data manipulation required
• Selection of types may improve data integrity
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example of Data Dictionary
• We do the data dictionary as an ongoing process during analysis and design of the database
• Example of what is required
Description
Type of key
Is it a primary key or a foreign key (leave blank if neither)
Name of Attribute
Data type of attribute
If the field is required or is optional
Must the value in the field be unique for that field
A description of the attribute giving any information that could be useful to the database designers or to the application developers. This would include things like attribute sizes, valid values for an attribute, information about coding for this attribute etc.
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Example of Partial Data Dictionary
Description
ID number of the staff member, should be 5 in length. This is the primary identifier (key) of the table.
The first given name of the staff member, up to 100 characters.
The family name of the staff member, up to 100 characters. This must exist for every staff member
The gender of the staff member, valid values are only “Male” or “Female” (???). An enumerated data type should be used if possible. This should be limited in applications using this field also.
DateOfBirth
This is when the staff member was born. Needs dd/mm/yyyy format.
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

MYSQL Data Types (some)
• Character Types
– CHAR(M): A fixed-length string, right-padded with spaces. The range of M is 0 to 255.
– VARCHAR(M): A variable-length string. The range of M is 1 to 65535. (its 255 max. in MySQL 4).
– BIT, BOOL, CHAR: CHAR(1).
– BLOB, TEXT: up to 65535 bytes (for blob) or characters (for text).
– ENUM (‘value1’,’value’,…) up to 65,535 members.
– SET (‘value1’,’value2’, …) up to 64 members.
• Integer Types
– TINYINT[(M)]: Signed (-128 to 127) Unsigned(0 to 255)
– SMALLINT[(M)]: Signed (-32768 to 32767) Unsigned (0 to 65535)
– MEDIUMINT[(M)]: Signed (-8388608 to 8388607) Unsigned (0 to 16777215)
– INT[(M)] / INTEGER[(M)]: Signed (-2147483648 to 2147483647) Unsigned (0 to 4294967295)
– BIGINT[(M)]:Signed(-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807) Unsigned(0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

MYSQL Data Types (some)
• Real Types
– FLOAT[(M,D)]: single-precision, allowable values: – 3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38, 0, and 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38. M = display width, D = number of decimals.
– DOUBLE[(M,D)] / REAL[(M,D)]: double-precision, allowable values: – 1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308, 0, and 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308.
– DECIMAL[(M[,D])]: fixed-point type. An unpacked floating-point number. Stored as string. Good for MONEY!
• Time and Date Types
– DATETIME
– TIMESTAMP
1000-01-01 to 9999-12-31
-838:59:59 to 838:59:59
1000-01-01 00:00:00 to 9999-12-31 23:59:59 1970-01-01 00:00:00 – ~ 2037 Stored in UTC,
converted to local
– YEAR[4] 1901 to 2155 – A useful function in MySQL: NOW();
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Other Physical Design Decisions
• How to store “Look Up”
– Trade off between speed and space (and possibly integrity of data)
• Data field integrity (ensure fields only contain correct data)
• Handling missing data (concept of NULL data)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Other Physical Design Decisions (2)
• To De-Normalise or Not (That is the Question)
– Normalisation
• A formal method used to validate and improve upon the logical design thus far (which attributes should be grouped together), before proceeding with the physical design.
• Taught later in the semester
– De-Normalisation
• At physical design time need to decide how to implement the design – including removing some of the normalisation steps…
• Benefits
• Improved database performance
• Wasted storage space
– Data integrity / consistency threats
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
• Done in conjunction with design
• Design of the interface and application programs that use and process the database
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
• The physical realisation of the database
• Implementation of the design
• Some of the things in implementation are covered as you will be implementing database tables
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
• Transfer existing data into the database
• Conversion from old systems
• Non trivial task
• We give you the data. In a real world situation you would have to do this step – very carefully, very time consuming… Lots of issues around this
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
Application Design
Implementation
• Running the database to find errors in the design / setup (both at a physical level and at a logical level)
• Other issues also • Performance
• Robustness
• Recoverability • Adaptability
• Outside scope of the course (slightly) – but you need to test your solutions
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Database Development Lifecycle
Database Planning Systems Definition
• The process of monitoring and maintaining the database system following its commissioning
• Handling new requirements
• Handling changes to requirements
• Outside scope of the course
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Physical Design
Application Design
Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

• Discussed the lifecycle of Database Development
• Showed detail of the Modelling stages
Database Planning Systems Definition
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Requirements Definition and Analysis
Application Design Implementation
Operational Maintenance
Data Conversion and Loading
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

What’s Examinable?
• Can you discuss the Database Development Lifecycle?
• What is done at each stage of Design?
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

Next Lecture
• Introduction to Database Design
– Conceptual design (ER diagrams)
INFO20003 Database Systems
© University of Melbourne

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