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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET COMPSCI 367 THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND
SEMESTER TWO 2018 Campus: City
COMPUTER SCIENCE Artificial Intelligence
(Time Allowed: TWO hours)
This exam is out of 100 marks.
Attempt ALL questions.
Write your answers in the space provided in this booklet. There is space at the back for answers that overflow the allotted space.
The use of calculators is NOT permitted.
Surname Forenames Student ID Login (UPI)
A 25 B 35 C 40
Marks Available
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PART A: Koh’s material
Question 1
Explain and discuss the k-means clustering algorithm. You do not need to write code, but you do need to give a precise description which someone could turn into code.
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Question 2
Explain the differences between the types of neural networks listed below. You may use diagrams to support your explanations.
a) single-layered network (perceptron) versus multi-layered network,
b) feed-forward network versus recurrent network.
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Consider the following customer purchase transaction dataset:
TID Items Purchased
1 A, B, C, G, H
2 B, C, D, E
3 C, D
4 A, B, D
5 A, B, C
6 E, F
COMPSCI 367
TID represents the transaction ID. Assume that the minimum support threshold is set to 35%. Identify all the closed frequent itemsets together with their support. Show your working.
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Question 4
The diagram below shows the error rate of a decision tree learner as the complexity of the tree increases (number of nodes) on a training set and a test set. The test set is a dataset that is independent of the training set, but follows the same probability distribution as the training set. Using the diagram below, (i) highlight and label the area where the model is underfitting and (ii) highlight and label the area where the model is overfitting. Explain why you think the areas you highlighted are overfitting or underfitting the data.
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Question 5
You are a robot working for the Department of Conservation, and must learn to discriminate bird types, specifically Kiwi from Morepork. You choose to learn a Naïve Bayes classifier. You are given the following (noisy) examples:
Sound Fly Size
Quee No Large Large Small Small Quee Yes Large Quee No Small Small Quee Yes Large
Kiwi Kiwi Kiwi Kiwi
Now assume that the attributes (Sound, Fly, and Size) are conditionally independent of the Class. Consider a new example (Sound=Cree, Fly=No, Size=Large), should we consider the Class for this example as “Kiwi” or “Morepork”? Show your working. You may leave your working as common fractions, e.g., 1/4, 3/5.
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PART B: ’s material
Question 6
Using Prolog, write the definition of isTreeRoot(Node) where Node is a tree root if it does not have a parent. You can only use childOf(Child, Parent) facts and built-in Prolog predicates to write this definition. The allowable built-in predicates include: not(Pred), <, =, > and is(Result, Expression).
isTreeRoot(Node) :-
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Question 7
Given the game tree below, use the minimax procedure to propagate the values up from the leaves to the root. Label each of the six unlabelled internal nodes with their propagated value.
18 8 2 5 21 14 16
14 3 15 4 11 7
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Question 8
Assuming both A* and IDA* use the same heuristic and traverse the search space in the same order, why would A* expand fewer nodes than IDA*? How could it be possible that IDA* can solve the problem faster than A*?
Question 9
What performance trade-off is the goal in weighted A*? Which part of this trade-off is guaranteed for weighted A* and which part is not guaranteed?
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Question 10
As described in lectures, the goal for bidirectional heuristic search is to be better than which two search algorithms? Up until this year, how successful has it been?
Question 11
What are the three different parts of a constraint satisfaction problem? What constitutes a valid solution to a constraint satisfaction problem, i.e., what are the termination conditions?
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Question 12
As discussed in class, what is the heuristic for selecting a value for a given variable in a constraint satisfaction problem? Giving its name is not sufficient for full marks, you need to describe the procedure performed by the heuristic. What is this heuristic trying to accomplish?
Question 13
What is arc consistency, i.e., describe how it works. What is the purpose of arc consistency? What type of trade-off does it represent?
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PART C: Ian Watson’s material
Question 14
Expert system shells allow knowledge engineers to concentrate on eliciting knowledge and representing this as rules, without having to trouble themselves with programming inferencing methods. Draw a diagram which shows the architecture of a typical expert system shell and shows how each of the components interacts with each other and with the user.
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Question 15
Draw a diagram that describes the steps involved in Case-Based Reasoning (CBR).
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Question 16
A major constraint on developing knowledge-based systems is the knowledge engineering bottleneck, caused by the difficulty of eliciting knowledge from domain experts. Describe three potential solutions to this bottleneck that you have learned from COMPSCI367.
[10 marks]
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Question 17
You have been asked to build a knowledge-based system to provide valuations for a second- hand boat dealership. You visit the dealership and obtain the following transcript of a conversation with an experienced salesman.
“Well obviously the most important thing that influences the price is the type of boat and its size. The larger the boat the more expensive it is in general. The age of the boat is important and of course its condition matters. Older aluminium boats tend to hold their price better than older fibreglass ones. Then of course there is the engine. Its make, horsepower and age is important, but you also have to consider how much the engine has been used, and how often it has been serviced. Then there are all the extras: the electronics, like fish-finders, GPS, and VHF radio. The model, age and condition of these is important as well. Then there’s all the other equipment like anchors, chain and rope, safety equipment: like life- jackets, distress beacons, flares etc….Finally there are all the toys like skis and fishing equipment. So as you can see there’s a lot that can influence the price of a boat. Oh, I forgot to mention the trailer, the type, age and condition of that is very important as well. Sorry, I also forgot finance, we’ll drop the price if someone wants finance because we can make money from the finance package.”
Analyse this transcript and draw an inference network or influence diagram to create a knowledge level model of the factors that effect the sale price of a boat.
[Hint: use an overflow page at the back of the exam paper to work out your answer and then copy your final version to the space on the next page.]
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COMPSCI 367
[10 marks]
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Question 18
Why would people develop ontologies for domains such as medicine, law or engineering? Your answer should discuss some of the advantages of using ontologies in complex domains.
[10 marks]
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OVERFLOW PAGE
This page was left blank for any questions that overflow. (If you have used this page, please indicate clearly under the relevant question that you have overflowed to this page.)
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OVERFLOW PAGE
This page was left blank for any questions that overflow. (If you have used this page, please indicate clearly under the relevant question that you have overflowed to this page.)
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