CS计算机代考程序代写 cache 15-462 Computer Graphics
15-462 Computer Graphics
15-462 Computer Graphics Lecture 10
Texture Mapping
Texture Mapping
February 13, 2003
M. Ian Graham
Carnegie Mellon University
Administrativia
Administrativia Countdown:
n About 1 week until Assignment 3 is due Assignment 2 handback, comments Questions on Assignment 3?
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Itinerary
Itinerary
Introduction to Texture Mapping Aliasing and How to Fight It Texture Mapping in OpenGL Applications of Texture Mapping
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Motivation for Texture Mapping
Motivation for Texture Mapping Phong illumination model coupled with a
single color across a broad surface n Produces boring objects
n Very limited
Options to make things interesting:
n No simple surfaces—use many tiny polygons
Expensive! Too much geometry.
n Apply textures across the polygons
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Less geometry, and the image looks almost as good!
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Definitions
Definitions Texture—the appearance and feel of a
surface
Texture—an image used to define the
characteristics of a surface
Texture—a multidimensional image which
is mapped to a multidimensional space.
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Texture mapping sample
Texture mapping sample
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Basic Concept
Basic Concept “Slap an image on a model.”
How do we map a two-dimensional image to a surface in three dimensions?
Texture coordinates
n 2D coordinate (s,t) which maps to a location
on the image (typically s and t are over [0,1]) Assign a texture coordinate to each vertex
n Coordinates are determined by some function
which maps a texture location to a vertex on
the model in three dimensions
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Basic Concept
Basic Concept
Once a point on the surface of the model has been mapped to a value in the texture, change its RGB value (or something else!) accordingly
This is called parametric texture mapping A single point in the texture is called a
texel
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Something else?
Something else?
The first known use of texture in graphics was the modulation of surface color values, (diffuse coefficients) by Catmull in 1974.
A texture does not have to indicate color! Bump mapping was developed in 1978 by
Blinn
Transparency maps in 1985 by Gardner
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What is a texture map?
What is a texture map? Practical: “A way to slap an image on a
model.”
Better: “A mapping from any function onto
a surface in three dimensions.”
Most general: “The mapping of any image
into multidimensional space.”
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(u, v)
Texture Space (2D)
(x, y)
Screen Space (2D)
Screen Space (3D) (z buffer)
projection
Overview
Overview
parameterization
Object Space (3D) World Space (3D)
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Visual Overview
Visual Overview
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Hardware Notes
Hardware Notes
Texture-mapping is supported in all modern graphics hardware since the introduction of the Voodoo 3Dfx—it’s therefore cheap and easy
Though the mapping is conceptualized in the order texture -> object -> screen, it is determined in reverse order in hardware, during scan conversion (“To which texel does this pixel map?”)
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Linear Texture Mapping
Linear Texture Mapping
Do a direct mapping of a block of texture to a surface patch
u = umin + v = vmin +
s − smin (umax − umin smax − smin
t − tmin (vmax − vmin ) tmax − tmin
)
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Cube Mapping
Cube Mapping
“Unwrap” cube and map texture over the cube
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Cylinder Mapping
Cylinder Mapping
Wrap texture along outside of cylinder, not top and bottom
n This stops texture from being distorted
x = r⋅cos(2πu) y = r⋅sin(2πu)
z=v/h
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Two-part Mapping
Two-part Mapping
To simplify the problem of mapping from an image to an arbitrary model, use an object we already have a map for as an intermediary!
Texture -> Intermediate object -> Final model
Common intermediate objects: n Cylinder
n Cube
n Sphere
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Intermediate Object to Model
Intermediate Object to Model
This step can be done in many ways n Normal from intermediate surface
n Normal from object surface
n Use center of object
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Still tough!
Still tough!
Mapping onto complicated objects is difficult
n Even simple objects can be hard—spheres always distort the texture
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Itinerary
Itinerary
Introduction to Texture Mapping Aliasing and How to Fight It Texture Mapping in OpenGL Applications of Texture Mapping
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What is aliasing?
What is aliasing? Interested in mapping from screen to texture
coordinates
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What is aliasing?
What is aliasing?
An on-screen pixel does not always map neatly to a texel. Particularly severe problems in regular textures
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Example
Example
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The Beginnings of a Solution
The Beginnings of a Solution
Pre-calculate how the texture should look at various distances, then use the appropriate texture at each distance. This is called mipmapping.
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The Beginnings of a Solution
The Beginnings of a Solution Each mipmap (each image below) represents a
level of depth (LOD).
Powers of 2 make things much easier.
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The Beginnings of a Solution
The Beginnings of a Solution
Problem: Clear divisions between different levels of depth!
Mipmapping alone is unsatisfactory.
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Another Component: Filtering
Another Component: Filtering Take the average of multiple texels to
obtain the final RGB value
Typically used along with mipmapping
Bilinear filtering
n Average the four surrounding texels
n Cheap, and eliminates some aliasing, but does not help with visible LOD divisions
(demonstration movies)
(demonstration movies)
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Another Component: Filtering
Another Component: Filtering
Trilinear filtering
n Interpolate between two LODs
n Final RGB value is between the result of a bilinear filter at one LOD and a second bilinear filter at the next LOD
n Eliminates “seams” between LODs
n At least twice as expensive as bilinear filtering
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Another Component: Filtering
Another Component: Filtering
Anisotropic filtering
n Basic filtering methods assume that a pixel on-screen maps to a square (isotropic) region of the texture
n For surfaces tilted away from the viewer, this is not the case!
Image courtesy of nVidia
02/13/2003 15-462 Graphics I 29 Figure 5. Anisotropic footprints are very common.
Another Component: Filtering
Another Component: Filtering
Anisotropic filtering
n A pixel may map to a rectangular or trapezoidal section of texels—shape filters accordingly and use either bilinear or trilinear filtering
n Complicated, but produces very nice results
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Bilinear Filtering
Bilinear Filtering
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Trilinear Filtering
Trilinear Filtering
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Anisotropic Filtering
Anisotropic Filtering
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Side-by-Side Comparison
Side-by-Side Comparison
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nVidia
Itinerary
Itinerary
Introduction to Texture Mapping Aliasing and How to Fight It Texture Mapping in OpenGL Applications of Texture Mapping
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glTexImage2D
glTexImage2D glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, level, components, width, height,
border, format, type, tarray) GL_TEXTURE_2D
n Specify that it is a 2D texture Level
n Used for specifying levels of detail for mipmapping (more on this later) Components
n Generally is 0 which means GL_RGB
n Represents components and resolution of components Width, Height
n The size of the texture must be powers of 2 Border
Format, Type
n Specify what the data is (GL_RGB, GL_RGBA, …)
n Specify data type (GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL_BYTE, …)
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glTexCoord2f
glTexCoord2f glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 3, texture->nx, texture->ny, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, texture->pix);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0);
glVertex3f(1.0, 0.0, 1.0); glTexCoord2f(1.0, -1.0);
glVertex3f(1.0, 0.0, -1.0); glTexCoord2f(-1.0, -1.0);
glVertex3f(-1.0, 0.0, -1.0); glTexCoord2f(-1.0, 1.0);
glVertex3f(-1.0, 0.0, 1.0); glEnd();
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Other Texture Parameters
Other Texture Parameters
glTexParameterf()
n Use this function to set how textures repeat
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP) n Which spot on texture to pick
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
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Mipmapping in OpenGL
Mipmapping in OpenGL
gluBuild2DMipmaps(GL_TEXTURE_2D, components, width, height, format, type, data)
This will generate all the mipmaps using gluScaleImage
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST) n This will tell GL to use the mipmaps for the texture
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Mipmapping in OpenGL
Mipmapping in OpenGL If you design the mipmaps yourself
n glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 128, 128, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, LOD1)
n glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGB, 64, 64, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, LOD2)
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Other Texturing Issues
Other Texturing Issues
glTexEnvi(GL_TEX_ENV, GL_TEX_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE) n Will balance between shade color and texture color
glTexEnvi(GL_TEX_ENV, GL_TEX_ENV_MODE, GL_DECAL) n Will replace shade color with texture color
glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION, GL_NICEST) n OpenGL does linear interpolation of textures
Works fine for orthographic projections
n Allows for OpenGL to correct textures for perspective projection
There is a performance hit Texture objects
n Maintain texture in memory so that it will not have to be loaded constantly
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OpenGL texturing code
OpenGL texturing code
This code assumes that it’s an RGB texture map
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Itinerary
Itinerary
Introduction to Texture Mapping Aliasing and How to Fight It Texture Mapping in OpenGL Applications of Texture Mapping
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Non-2D Texture Mapping
Non-2D Texture Mapping The domain of a texture mapping function
may be any number of dimensions
n 1D might be used to represent rock strata
n 2D is used most often
n 3D can be used to represent interesting physical phenomena
n Animated textures are a cheap extra dimension—further dimensions are somewhat harder to conceptualize
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3D Texture Mapping
3D Texture Mapping
Almost the same as 2D texture mapping
n Texture is a “block” which objects fit into
n Texture coordinates are 3D coordinates which equal some value inside the texture block
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RGB values or… RGB values or…
Textures do not have to represent color values.
Using texture information to modify other aspects of a model can yield much more realistic results
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RGB values or… RGB values or…
Specularity (patches of shininess) Transparency (patches of clearness) Normal vector changes (bump maps) Reflected light (environment maps) Shadows
Changes in surface height (displacement maps)
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Bump Mapping
Bump Mapping
How do you make a surface look rough?
n Option1:modelthesurfacewithmanysmallpolygons
n Option2:perturbthenormalvectorsbeforetheshading calculation
Fakes small displacements above or below the true surface
The surface doesn’t actually change, but shading makes it look like
there are irregularities!
A texture stores information about the “fake” height of the surface For the math behind it all look at Angel 7.8
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Bump Mapping
Bump Mapping
We can perturb the normal vector without having
to make any actual change to the shape. This illusion can be seen through—how?
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Original model (5M)
Simplified (500)
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Simple model with bump map
Environment Mapping
Environment Mapping
Allows for world to be reflected on an object without modeling the physics
Map the world surrounding an object onto a cube
Project that cube onto the object
During the shading calculation:
n Bounce a ray from the viewer off the object (at point P)
n Intersect the ray with the environment map (the cube), at point E
n Get the environment map’s color at E and illuminate P as if there were a light source at position E
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Light Mapping
Light Mapping
Quake uses light maps in addition to texture maps. Texture maps are used to add detail to surfaces, and light maps are used to store pre-computed illumination. The two are multiplied together at run-time, and cached for efficiency.
Radiance Texture Map Only
Radiance Texture + Light Map
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Light Map
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Summary
Summary
Introduction to Texture Mapping Aliasing and How to Fight It Texture Mapping in OpenGL Applications of Texture Mapping
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Acknowledgements/Resources
Acknowledgements/Resources Frank Pfenning and Shayan Sharkar
(last year’s instance of this course) Paul Heckbert
n http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ph
UNC (filter demonstration movies)
n http://www.cs.unc.edu/~sud/courses/comp235 /a6/
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