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COMP3430 / COMP8430 Data wrangling
Lecture 5: Data quality assessment and data profiling
(Lecturer: )

Lecture outline
Data quality assessment Data quality dimensions
Data profiling Data visualisation Data profiling tools Summary
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Data quality
Real-world data are dirty, especially personal data are prone to errors
Various sources of errors:
Missing data
Out-of-date data
Data variations in different sources Errors/noise/outliers during data entry Misinterpretation of data
For quality analysis and mining results, data quality is important
Garbage-in garbage-out principle
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Data quality assessment
Data quality is specific to context
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High quality data for some applications may not be sufficiently good for other applications
Often not possible to get data of 100% quality
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Scientific and statistical evaluation of data to determine if they are adequate for intended use
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Data quality is a multi-dimensional concept Both subjective and objective
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Data quality dimensions
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Six core dimensions
– Completeness – no missing data
– Consistency – across different sources – Uniqueness – single view of dataset
– Validity – meet constraints and rules
– Accuracy – correct and reflect real data – Timeliness – no out-of-date values
The six primary dimensions for data quality assessment, DAMA UK Working Group, 2013
Completeness
Timeliness
Consistency
Accuracy
Data quality dimensions
Validity
Uniqueness
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Data quality dimensions (2)
Dimension
Completeness
Definition
Proportion of available data against 100% complete
Measure
Percentage of missing values
Example
Emergency contact details of children in school admin database: 290 out of 300 records have the contact value yielding to 290/300 * 100 =
96.7% completeness
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Data quality dimensions (3)
Dimension
Consistency
Definition
No difference between two or more representations of a record
Measure
Percentage of record representations with the same format
Note: Consistency can be both at level of format as well as values
Examples
a) The school admin database (300 records) and the school register
database (200 records) have 400 out of 500 students’ records with 7
the same telephone number format, resulting in 400/500 * 100 =
80% consistency
b) The record for student ` ‘ in the school admin database
has his first name recorded as `Tim’ in the school register database.

Data quality dimensions (4)
Dimension
Uniqueness
Definition
No duplicate records in a dataset
Measure
Ratio of number of records in a dataset and number of real entities
Example
The school admin database has 300 student records, but the number of
actual students is 280, indicating a uniqueness of 280/300 * 100 = 93.3% 8

Data quality dimensions (5)
Dimension
Validity
Definition
Data confirming to the syntax (format, type, range)
Measure
Comparison between the data and the metadata
Examples
a) The age values in a student database must be numeric and in the range between 5 and 18
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b) Postcodes must be 4 digits containing numerical characters
c) The school admin database has 300 student records, where 6 have an age larger below 3 years, indicating a validity of 294/300 * 100 = 98%

Data quality dimensions (6)
Dimension
Accuracy
Definition
Degree to which data correctly describes the real entity
Measure
Percentage of accurate representations of entities in a data set, where this can often not be ascertained with only a data set itself
Example
50 records of students in a database of 300 records have wrong values for postcode and/or suburb values (such as Braddon, 7612), giving 250/300 * 100 = 83.3% accuracy

Data quality dimensions (7)
Dimension
Timeliness
Definition
Degree to which data represent a real entity in a point in time
Measure
Percentage of records with up-to-date values (where up-to-date can be application dependent)
Example
30 out of 300 students in a student database have not updated their address change since 2018, resulting in 270/300 * 100 = 90% records with timely information

Data quality dimensions (8)
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Other dimensions
– Usability – relevant and accessible
– Understandability – easy to comprehend
– Flexibility – compatible and easy to manipulate
– Volume – appropriate amount of data for the application – Privacy / confidence – data protection and security
– Value – cost/benefit of data
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Data profiling
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about data
Examining, exploring, and collecting statistics and information
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– Metadata is data about a data set
To determine the metadata about a data set
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data quality requirements
Data profiling provides insights and allows identifying
– For more thorough data quality assessment – A process of discovery
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Data profiling versus data mining
● Data profiling
– Goal:discoversinformationand
metadata
– Input:rawdata
● Data mining / analytics
– Goal:discoversinteresting
knowledge and patterns
– Input:pre-processedand cleaned data
– Output:informationabout records (rows)
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Output: information about attributes(columns)
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Single versus multiple column profiling
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Multiple column
– Discover joint properties, dependencies and correlations, and statistics of multiple attributes
– Complexity: Number of columns * Number of rows
Single column
– Basic statistics of a single column
– Discover common properties and statistics of a single attribute that are assumed to be of same type
– Complexity: Number of rows
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Statistics (single column)
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5-number summary
Number of unique (distinct) values of missing values
Minimum and maximum values Average (mean) and median Quartiles (25%, 75%)
Variance and standard deviation
Q3
Median (Q2)
Q1 Min
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Distributions
• Examine whether data follow some well-known distributions (such as normal or Laplace, skewed, symmetric)
• Names generally follow Zipf distribution – few frequent and many rare 1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
123
-3-2-1
-1 -2 -3
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
μ=0, σ2=0.2, μ=0, σ2=1.0, μ=0, σ2=5.0, μ=−2, σ2=0.5,
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φμ,σ 2 (x)

Benford’s law
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First digit law
– Distribution of first digits in natural numbers
– Digit 1 occurs in about 30% (much greater than uniform distribution of 11.1% for each of the 9 digits)
– Digit 9 only occurs in about 5%
– Occurs in street numbers, stock prices,
death rates, etc.
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(how? Think about it! To be discussed..)
Can be used in fraud detection
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Dependencies
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– Example: employment and income, age and weight
Dependencies / correlations between attributes
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non-linear relationship with each other
The extent to which two variables (attributes) have a linear or
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can be used to measure the correlation and dependency between attributes
Several correlation coefficients, including the Pearson coefficient,
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Data visualisation
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Bar plots Box plots Scatter plots Line plots
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Data profiling tools
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Open source software:
– Rattle (based on R programming language) – Python modules such as Pandas
Various commercial software:
– IBM InfoSphere Information Analyzer, Oracle Enterprise Data Quality, SAP, Informatica Data Explorer, Trillium Software Data Profiling, Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services Data Profiling Task and Viewer
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Data profiling with Rattle (1)
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Rattle weather dataset – Basic statistics
– Kurtosis
– Skewness
– Missing values – Cross tab
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Data profiling with Rattle (2)
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Numerical data distributions
Box plot Histogram Cumulative
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Data profiling with Rattle (3)
• Categoricaldatadistributions
Bar plot Dot plot Mosaic
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Data profiling with Rattle (4)
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Correlations
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Data profiling with Python (1)
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df.head(10)
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Data exploration using pandas
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv(“weather.csv”)
First 10 rows
Summary of numerical attributes
df.describe()
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Frequency table for categorical attributes
df[‘WindDir3pm’].value_counts()

Data profiling with Python (2)
• Datadistributions
df[‘MaxTemp’].hist(bins=50) df.boxplot(column=‘MaxTemp’) df.boxplot(column=‘MaxTemp’, by=‘Location’)
• Check missing values
df.apply(lambda x: sum(x.isnull()),axis=0)
• Cross tab
ct = pd.crosstab(df[‘WindDir9am’], df[‘RainToday’]) ct.plot(kind=’bar’, stacked=True, color=[‘red’,’blue’], grid=False)
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Summary
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Data profiling is a crucial step in the data wrangling pipeline The goal is to discover, assess, and understand metadata of a data set
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– Automated data profiling
Next generation data profiling tools and techniques:
– Active learning in data profiling and cleaning – Advanced and interactive data visualisation
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